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''This article has last been updated on substance in July 2012. Please feel free to further update it if need be.'' The Ugandan water supply and sanitation sector has made substantial progress in urban areas since the mid-1990s, with substantial increases in coverage as well as in operational and commercial performance.〔, p. 3-4〕 Sector reforms in the period 1998-2003 included the commercialization and modernization of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) operating in cities and larger towns, as well as decentralization and private sector participation in small towns. 〔, p. 15〕 These reforms have attracted significant international attention. However, 38% of the population still had no access to an improved water source in 2010. Concerning access to improved sanitation, figures vary widely: According to government figures it was 70% in rural areas and 81% in urban areas,〔 while according to UN figures it was only 34%.〔 The water and sanitation sector has been recognized as a key area under the 2004 Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Uganda's main strategy paper to fight poverty.〔, p. 182-188〕 A comprehensive expenditure framework has been introduced to coordinate financial support by external donors, the national government, and NGOs.〔, p. 5〕 The PEAP estimates that from 2001 to 2015, about US$1.4 billion, or US$92 million per year, are needed to increase water supply coverage up to 95%.〔Rural areas: US$956 million; Urban areas: large towns (US$281 million) and small towns (US$136 million). , p. 182-183〕 == Access == Access to an improved water source increased from 43% in 1990 to 72% in 2010, according to estimates by the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of the United Nations. In the same period, access to improved sanitation increased slightly from 27% to 34%.〔 However, the Water and Environment Sector Performance Report of the Ugandan Ministry of Water and Irrigation shows completely different access figures. According to the report, in 2011 access to "safe water" was 66% while access to improved sanitation was 70% in rural areas and 81% in urban areas.〔 87% of the population lived in rural areas in 2010.〔 Apparently the government's definition of access to safe water is stricter than the JMP definition of an improved water source, and the government's definition of improved sanitation is less strict than the JMP definition. The differences in definitions complicate the monitoring of targets for access. According to the EU, the number of people defecating in the open has fallen substantially between 2000 and 2008, although the government provides no subsidies for the construction of latrines. However, according to the JMP estimates the number of people defecating in the open has only declined from 3.5 million in 2000 to 3.2 million in 2010.〔 It is not clear if the different assessments of the magnitude of the reduction are due to differences in definitions or other reasons. The most common technology options for rural water supply are protected springs, boreholes, protected wells, and gravity flow schemes.〔, p. 64〕 Those who do not have access to an improved source of water supply have to rely on unsafe sources such as rivers, lakes, and unprotected wells. One consequence of poor access and/or quality is that water-borne diseases are a main cause of infant mortality.〔 , p. 1〕 Access to functioning water sources varies considerably among districts, from 12% to 95%.〔 The national government aims to reach universal water supply and sanitation coverage in urban areas and 77% water supply and 95% sanitation coverage by 2015.〔At the time the government defined access to improved water supply and sanitation as follows: improved water supply in urban areas is given through an improved water source within a walking distance of 1.5 km in rural areas and 0.2 km in urban areas. Sanitation coverage is given through sanitation facilities in the place of residence. , p. 12〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Water supply and sanitation in Uganda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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